ANTIBIOTIC

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Antibiotics (antimicrobials) is very important in this present life. Where as now many people are unknowingly always associated with bacteria. Many bacteria are good for the human body, but did not rule out bad bacteria, which is detrimental to humans that can inhibit important activities supporting life.

To kill bacteria that enter the human body, the need for drug compounds to kill / weaken growth. In this paper, will be mentioned several examples of antibiotics that can suppress the growth of bad bacteria in the human body.

1.2 Objectives and Benefits

The objectives and benefits of writing this paper is to inform the reader about the various antibiotics that are around us that can kill / weaken the growth of bad bacteria in the body.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Antibiotics

Antibiotics are a useful drug compounds to kill / weaken the growth of bad bacteria in the body. Antibiotics are often called anti - bacteria.

Anti - bacteria work by a number of mechanisms:

1.   Damage or interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis (eg penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin).

2.   Disrupt bacterial protein synthesis by the ribosome (eg Amino-glokosida, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline).

3.   Disrupt the synthesis of bacterial DNA in the nucleus (eg Griseofulvin, nalidixic acid).

4.   Disrupt the synthesis of an essential element for bacteria (eg, trimethoprim and sulphonamides)

2.2 Penicillin

Penicillin was isolated from Penicillium nonatum by Fleming in 1929. Semi-synthetic penicillin is made by adding different side chains at the core of penicillin and has the properties and antibacterial activity distinct.

Penicillin is bakterisid and affect the bacterial wall. At low doses, p enisilin is bacteriostatic. Penicillins interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis that are growing and dividing, thus forming organisms with fragile walls are easily damaged.

2.2.1 Natural Penicillin

Natural penicillins include benzipenisilin and phenoxymethylpenicillin. Natural penicillin is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria, and some gram-negative gonococci and meningococci.

Benzipenisilin

Unstable at low pH (acidic) and easily deactivated by gastric acid, and therefore not effective for oral integral. 1M injections are usually given in the form, but can also be IV.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Not destroyed in the stomach and rapidly absorbed in the small intestine. Higher blood levels when taken on an empty stomach, one hour before or three hours after meals.

2.2.2 Penicillin Resistant - semisynthetic penicillinase

Included in this class is methicillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin. There resesten organisms to penicillin because it has the enzyme penicillinase (beta-lactamase) that destroys penicillin.

Methicillin is less profitable because the acid-labile (not acid resistant) and must be given parenterally. The injection of penicillin in this group can be slowly (IV) into a vein that flows smoothly.

2.2.3 Broad spectrum semisynthetic penicillins

Including this group are ampicillin, amoxicillin, episilin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlosilin, mezlosilin. Active against both gram-positive organisms as well as negative.

·        Ampicillin and amoxicillin used to treat urinary tract infection (UTI), bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, otitis media or acute sinusitis, and venereal disease.

·        Episilin used to treat respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and soft tissue.

·        Amoxicillin (clavulanic acid) is used orally to treat acute sinusitis or acute otitis media, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, UTI, or infection of skin and soft tissue.

·        Azlosilin, mezlosilin, and now replaces carbenicillin and piperacillin ticarcillin in the treatment of infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli.

2.3 cephalosporin

Cephalosporins have a beta-lactam ring, as it covers sefamisin (eg sefoksitin) and oksa-beta-lactam (eg latamoksef). Affect the bacterial cell wall to be easily damaged. Gram-negative bacteria are less sensitive to cephalosporins. These agents not active against organisms producing Pseudomonas betalaktamase and auruginosa.

2.4 Monolaktam and Karbapenem

2.4.1 aztreonam

Aztreonam an monolaktam synthesis, strong activity against gram-negative organisms, termauk auruginosa Pseudomonas, Haemophilus influenza, Nisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorhoeae. IV or 1M. The dose is 1 g every 8 hours or 2 g every 12 hours.

2.4.2 imipenem

Imipenem are derivatives karbapenem semisintetis. Resistant to beta-lactamase, imipenem given with cilastatin. Imipenem with cilastatin is used to treat severe infections of the lower respiratory tract, skin and soft tissue, gynecologic, bone and joint pain, UTI, septicemia and endocarditis.

2.5 Tetracycline

Members of the widely used tetracycline is klortetrasiklin, demeklosiklin, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline and tetracycline. Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic, so it does not formed polypeptide. Spetrum antimicrobial tetracyclines have fairly broad, and is active against most gram-positive organisms, gram-negative are also given. Used for an exacerbation of bronchitis, acne vilgaris.

Tetracycline when given along with milk, antacids containing aluminum, magnesium or calcium, and Besai, will reduce the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract because of forming an insoluble substance. Doxycycline is a tetracycline choice to impaired renal function.

2.6 Aminoglycosides

This drug group includes amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmisin, streptomycin, and tobramycin. Bakterisid nature, inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Used to treat severe infections. Locally it is effective for outer ear infections and eye conjunctiva. By mouth and are used for bowel sterilization prior to surgery for digestive disorders. Aminoglycosides should not be given to pregnant women because it is through the placental barrier and nerve damage to the fetus-8.

2.7 macrolide

This drug group includes erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and spiramycin. Classified as high-dose drug is bacteriostatic bakteriosid. Erythromycin inhibits protein synthesis and organisms, resistance rarely occurs. Used for infection with streptokok and patients who are allergic to penicillin. Erythromycin for respiratory infections, pertussis, chlamydia and mycoplasma. Can be applied by mouth or injection. Oral medication should be "enteric coated" because it destroyed alambung acid (acid-labile).

2.8 Clindamycin

Klndamisin inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Used for bone infections caused stafilokok Atasu joints, peritonitis, and endocarditis prophylaxis, and topically for severe acne. The side effects include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, jaundice, and blood disorders. Oral doses of 150-450 mg every 6 hours.

2.9 sulphonamides and trimethoprim

The combination of trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole one part five. Kontrimoksazol (Bactrim, Altrim, Primazole, Kaftrim) is used for urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by susceptible bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter, prostatitis, chronic bronchitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, and fever caused by Salmonella entetik. High doses for Pneumocytis carinii infection. Because soluble, there is danger of precipitate (crystalluria) in urine. Can damage the kidneys due to settle in the tubuli. Crystalluria can result in pain and hematuria occurred. Trimethoprim side effects may include nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and rash.

2:10 Metronidazole and tinidazole

Metronidazole is used since 1959 to treat protozoal infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis and amoebiasis. Now also against Bacteroides fragilis (anaerobic)

2:11 4 - quinolones

Antibiotics are the original quinolones nalidixic acid, which has dozens of years, is bakterisid. These agents work by inhibiting DNA gyrase emzim required by bacterial DNA, is very active against gram-negative bacteria, slightly less active against gram-positive bacteria and less active against anaerobes.

2:12 Pharmacokinetics

4-quinolones are well absorbed after oral administration. Antacids reducing absorption. Eliminated through 3 ways:

 secreted into the lumen of the intestine and excreted through the feces

 is metabolized by the liver

 excreted as intact drug through the kidneys

Adverse reactions from these agents is generally about the CNS, such as headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, and sometimes anxiety, hallucinations, confusion. Caution in patients with epilepsy as it can trigger seizures. Gastrointestinal disturbances including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Maybe an allergic reaction, photosensitivity reaction, blood dikrasia, rising levels of urea, and creatinine blood, arthralgia, and mialigia.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Antibiotics are compounds that exist in medicine. Antibiotic medications are generally bakterisid and affect bacterial wall where the wall of the bacteria occurs bacterial cell growth and division.

3.2 Advice

       Suggestion that the writer can provide in this paper is that the readers get the information about antibiotics - antibiotics that can kill bacteria that are often found in the body so that people can live much more healthy.