PHARMACOLOGY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Talking about public health problem it can not be separated from matters relating to the ways of healing and medicine that can be used or distributed to the public.

We all know that with the development of civilization has brought us to the all advanced civilizations ranging from media to transport.

Maybe people do not realize the impact so that they assume that the disturbances in the respiratory tract only a minor annoyance to be underestimated by most. And without knowing the impact will be greater on other body systems.

Eg means of transport that are biased so that air pollution causes respiratory harm, that without us knowing it is very harmful effects.

For example from the transport of smoke has caused air pollution would interfere with the disruption of the respiratory tract and respiratory tract can cause asthma (shortness of breath) or if the respiratory tract we have too often distracted may mislead TB (tuberculosis).

That is what lies behind us to lift the title "Respiratory".

B. Destination

As our goal in making this paper are:

a. As a teaching

b. As the literature

c. As a means of discussion in order to satisfy the system of teaching and learning activities.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

1. Dextromethorphan

Item:

Sanadryl DMP (Sanbe Farma)

Composition

Each teaspoon (5 m) syrup containing dextromethorphan hydrobromide 10 mg

Each film coated tablet contains 15 mg of dextromethorphan hydrobromide

Indication

Dextromethorphan is effective for the treatment of chronic dry cough and cough due to throat and bronchial irritation.

How it Works Drugs

Dextromethorphan is a non-narcotic antitussive works by suppressing the cough reflex cough center in the brain. Dextromethorphan has activity as strong as codeine, but not addictive or drowsiness.

Dosage and Administration

Children 2-6 years: ½ teaspoons or ¼ - ½ tablets, 3-4 times a day.

Children 6-12 years: 1 teaspoon or ½ - 1 tablet, 3-4 times a day.

Adults and children above 12 years: 2 teaspoon or 1-2 tablets, 3-4 times a day.

Warning and Caution

Not recommended for the treatment of cough with phlegm and the situation where there is respiratory tract disorders such as bronchial asthma.

Not recommended for children under the age of 2 years. Except on doctor's instructions.

Side Effects

Mild and infrequent, such as nausea, dizziness, and constipation. In large doses can cause respiratory depression, but no report is fatal.

Contra Indications

Patients who experienced respiratory failure, liver disease (liver disease) and patients who are hypersensitive to Dextromethorphan.

Drug Interactions

Do not be used in conjunction with MAO inhibitors.

Storage Method

In a tightly closed container, protected from light. Store in a cool and dry.

2. Salbutamol

Item:

Lasal (LAPI), Ventolin (Galxo Smith Klim)

Composition

Each tablet contains Salbutamol Sulphate equivalent to Salbutamol 2 mg.

Each tablet contains Salbutamol Sulphate equivalent to Salbutamol 4 mg.

Indication

To relieve symptoms of shortness of breath in patients with bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emfisem.

How it Works Drugs

Salbutamol is a drug that stimulates beta receptors simpatomimtik-arenergik by stimulating the production of excitatory mediators (cyclic AMP) by activating the enzyme adenyl cyclase. Salbutamol stimulates beta adrenergic receptors strongly in the bronchi, so that the reaction will occur in bronchial smooth muscle and bronchial dilatation. Besides the effect of Salbutamol also inhibited the release of histamine thus preventing the occurrence of asthma attacks.

Dose

Children 2-6 years: 1-2 mg, 3-4 times a day

Children 6-12 years: 2 mg, 3-4 times a day

Adults and children above 12 years: 2-4 mg, 3-4 times a day

Warning and Caution

Careful administration in patients with hiperriroidisme, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease and patients who are sensitive to simpatomimetikamina.

Safety in patients younger than 6 years and in pregnant women is not known with certainty.

Usage in nursing mothers should consider the benefits to the mother and risks to infants who received breast milk.

Side Effects

Relatively rare, such as arrhythmias, palpitations, tremors, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dyspepsia, dizziness and vertigo.

Contra Indications

Patients who are hypersensitive to salbutamol.

Drug Interactions

The joint use of other sympathomimetics may cause cardiovascular disorders.

Use caution with MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.

Storage Method

Store in a cool and dry

3. Ambroxol

Item:

Epexol (Sanbe Farma)

Composition

Tablets: Each tablet contains 30 mg ambroksol Hydroxide

Syrup: IAP teaspoon (5 ml) containing 15 mg ambroksol hydroxide.

Indication

Indicated for acute illness and chronic respiratory tract which are accompanied by abnormal bronchial secretions. Especially in acute attacks of chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchitis asmatik, treatment before and after surgery and in intensive care to avoid lung complications.

How it Works Drugs

Ambroxol relieve airway from alveoli to the trachea with the following mechanism:

• Restoring production of mucus as in normal circumstances. Ambroxol regulate the secretion of mucus in the bronchi and normalize the physical properties of mucus. Mucus secretion is stimulated so that the viscosity of sputum is reduced.

• Increase activity and transport function of cilia. Ambroxol restore trakeabronkus area cleaning mechanism by stimulating ciliated epithelial cells. Increased cilia movement, morphologically visible increase in the number of "microvilli" of the ciliated epithelial cells.

• Stimulate the production of surfactant (phospholipid "surface active") the lung. Hence the anti-adhesive effect of surfactants, the adhesion between particles lenders with reduced bronchial wall, as well as between the particles of mucus which can cause clots lenders.

Ambroxol well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The half-life between 90-10 hours. On repeated administration in therapeutic doses. Does not show the occurrence of hoarding.

Ambroxol is metabolized into inactive metabolites and eliminated as glucuronide conjugates are soluble in water.

Ambroxol has a good tolerance, allowing for use in the long term.

Warning and Caution

Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy

Side Effects

Ambroxol is generally well tolerated. Reported side effects are mild gastro-intestinal tract and allergies in some patients.

Drug Interactions

Ambroxol allows for combination with other drugs, especially with corticosteroids, bronchodilators and antibiotics.

Storage Method

Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

1. Conclusion

The conclusion that can be drawn writers is do not underestimate a disease that is small, as small as possible from the disease that will cause a very big danger for us.

2. Suggestion

By knowing about the pharmacology expected to increase the reader's knowledge. In the drug are advised to always read and know first about the pharmacology of drugs listed on the label.